Stage 04

Complex structure and affinity (Boltz-2)

The fourth stage uses Boltz-2 to predict the structure of the protein-ligand complex and a binding affinity signal in a single pass.

Structure of the EcDHFR complex with NADPH and a ligand, showing domains and loops
Predicted complex structure: the EcDHFR binding site with its NADPH cofactor.

Ligand preparation#

Ligand structures are validated and canonicalised in RDKit, so incompatible compounds drop out before expensive GPU computation.

What we read out#

Physical plausibility of the pose#

We do not report a single aggregate confidence number. The physical plausibility check (PoseBusters) runs only on the benchmark path, so poses are not filtered on that basis before molecular dynamics.

Strict PoseBusters checking on 848 BindingDB complexes passed no pose at all: in 100% of cases the distance and overlap tests against the organic cofactor fail, which is expected for a binding site adjacent to NADPH. With those checks disabled, 68 poses pass validation (8.02%).

Cost#

Boltz-2 is the most expensive stage in the pipeline: a measured median of about 26.5 seconds per molecule, roughly 62% of the cost of a reference 50-molecule run.